·
Making
affirmative, negative statements and
asking questions (past continuous)
QUESTIONS
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AFFIRMATIVE
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NEGATIVE
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|||
Was
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I
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was
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was not / wasn't
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eating lunch at noon yesterday.
|
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Were
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You
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were
|
were not / weren't
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Was
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He She It
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was
|
was not / wasn't
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Were
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We You They
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were
|
were not / weren't
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SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
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REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
|
I
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myself
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You
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yourself
|
He
|
himself
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She
|
herself
|
It
|
itself
|
We
|
ourselves
|
You
|
yourselves
|
They
|
themselves
|
·
ASKING
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
Didn’t
you see that truck?
Don’t
you like oysters?
·
EXPRESSING
REFLEXIVE ACTIONS
Donna is looking at her husband.
Donna is looking at herself.
·
SOMEONE
OR SOMEBODY? = some person (is used in AFFIRMATIVE
SENTENCES)
There’s someone
at the door.
There’s somebody
at the door.
·
ANYONE
OR ANYBODY? = any person (is used in NEGATIVE
SENTENCES)
He didn’t give the
tickets to anyone.
He didn’t give the
tickets to anybody.
·
SOMEONE
/ SOMEBODY OR ANYONE / ANYBODY?
I can
see someone/somebody in that room.
(AFFIRMATIVE)
I
can’t see anyone/anybody in that
room. (NEGATIVE)
Interrogative sentences è (someone/somebody = anyone/anybody in interrogative
sentences)
Are
you saving these seats for someone/somebody?
Are
you saving these seats for anyone/anybody?
Offers and requests
Would
you like someone/somebody to help
you with my bags ma’am? è OFFER
Would
someone/somebody please help me with
my bags? è REQUEST
someone/somebody è used in questions to make offers and requests. (Not
anyone/anybody)
ANYONE
/ ANYBODY in affirmative sentences (refer to a single person, whoever it may
be)
FRED:
Can I take Sue to your party?
HAL:
Sure. You can take anyone/anybody you want.
· ANY OR NO?
(verb in the negative form + ANY / verb in the affirmative form + NO)
There aren’t
any seats available.
There
are no seats available.
SUMMARY
|
||
Someone
and somebody
|
Anyone and
anybody
|
No one
and nobody
|
Affirmative
sentences
|
Negative sentences with verb
in negative form
|
Negative sentences with
verb in affirmative form
|
Interrogative
sentences
|
Interrogative
sentences
|
|
Offers
and requests
|
Affirmative sentences to
express the idea of a single person, whoever it may be
|
· NO ONE OR NOBODY?
= NO PERSON
There
is no one/nobody here to help you.
· ANYONE / ANYBODY OR NO ONE /
NOBODY?
There
isn’t anyone/anybody here to help
you.
There
is no one/nobody here to help you.
·
MAY
Making affirmative, negative statements and asking
questions
I
|
may (not)
be sick.
|
You
|
|
He
|
|
She
|
|
It
|
|
We
|
|
You
|
|
They
|
AFFIRMATIVE
a)
Don’t
add an s to may for he, she and it.
b)
The
verb that comes after may does not
take to.
NEGATIVE
c)
It
does not take do, does or did in the negative form.
d)
We
do not contract may and not.
They may let you in.
They may not let you in.
ASKING QUESTIONS
Do you think the storm may be here
by tomorrow?
Do you think I may be doing it
wrong?
INFINITIVE
|
PAST
TENSE
|
PAST
PARTICIPLE
|
VERBS
|
to
pack
|
packed
|
packed
|
Regular
|
to
close
|
closed
|
closed
|
Regular
|
to
jackknife
|
jackknifed
|
jackknifed
|
Regular
|
to put
|
put
|
put
|
Irregular
|
to
have
|
had
|
had
|
Irregular
|
to do
|
did
|
done
|
Irregular
|
to be
|
was/were
|
been
|
Irregular
|
Do you think…
Do you suppose…
PRESENT PERFECT
·
THE
PAST PARTICIPLE
Regular verbs
and Irregular verbs.
·
EXPRESSING
IDEAS AND ACTIONS WHICH OCCURRED AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST (PRESENTE
PERFECT)
Making affirmative sentences (present perfect)
I
have packed… (the form the present
perfect, we use the verb to have
in the present and the past participle of the main verb)
I
|
have packed the
insect repellent.
|
You
|
|
He
|
has traveled
all over the States.
|
She
|
|
It
|
has overturned.
|
We
|
have closed the highway.
|
You
|
|
They
|
Contractions
|
||
I have
|
I've
|
packed
|
You have
|
You've
|
packed
|
He has
|
He's
|
packed
|
She has
|
She's
|
packed
|
It has
|
It's
|
packed
|
We have
|
We've
|
packed
|
You have
|
You've
|
packed
|
They Have
|
They've
|
packed
|
Making negative statements /
contractions
One of the uses of the present
perfect, that is,
|
have/has + past participle
|
is when we
want to express something which happened in the past, without saying exactly
when it happened.
|
In other
words, when we use the present perfect, we think that what happened is
more important than when it happened.
|
I have
packed the lantern.
(AFFIRMATIVE)
I have not packed the lantern. (NEGATIVE)
I haven’t packed the lantern. (NEGATIVE CONTRACT)
He has closed
the trunk. (AFFIRMATIVE)
He has not
closed the trunk. (NEGATIVE)
He hasn’t closed the trunk. (NEGATIVE CONTRACT)
Asking questions
You
have closed the trunk. è Have you closed the
trunk?
It
has overturned. è Has it overturned?
· ALREADY or YET?
ALREADY is used in
affirmative sentences.
|
YET is used in
negative sentences.
|
We can use ALREADY or YET
in questions.
|
AFFIRMATIVE
I’ve already filled out eleven job
applications.
It’s
only five o’clock, but it’s already
dark outside.
NEGATIVE
We can use NOT
YET for a short negative answer.
|
We usually use already
after the verb to be.
|
We usually use ALREADY
before other verbs.
|
When we use already in a
sentence in the present perfect, it usually comes between
have/has and other verb.
|
We usually use YET at the end of the sentence.
|
I haven’t had a single interview yet.
It’s nine o’clock, and it isn’t dark yet.
INTERROGATIVE
Has Ben already arrived?
Has Ben arrived yet?
· USING NOT YET IN SHORT ANSWERS
Dialogue:
MAN: Has Melinda arrived yet?
WOMAN: No, not yet.
· POSITION OF ALREADY AND YET IN
THE SENTENCE
It’s only five o’clock, and it’s already dark outside. (AFTER)
Joe is only twenty-three, and he
already has four children. (BEFORE)
I’ve already
filled out eleven job applications. (AFTER AND BEFORE)
It’s nine o’clock, and it isn’t dark yet.
Has Ben arrived yet?
SOMEWHERE OR ANYWHERE?
Sentences
|
SOMEWHERE
|
ANYWHERE
|
Example
|
|
Affirmative
|
X
|
|
Your ring is somewhere in that room.
|
|
Negative
|
|
X
|
Your ring isn't anywhere in that room.
|
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Interrogative
|
X
|
X
|
Is there a phone somewhere/anywhere around here?
|
|
Offers
|
X
|
|
Would you like to go somewhere for dinner?
|
|
Request
|
X
|
|
Can I leave my bags somewhere in your office?
|
|
Affirmative - single places
|
|
X
|
You can park your car anywhere in the garage.
|
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ANYWHERE
OR NOWHERE
|
||||
There isn't anywhere to put luggage.
|
è (verb in
the negative form)
|
|||
There is nowhere to put luggage.
|
è (verb in
the affirmative form)
|
|||
· FOR OR SINCE?
Ingredients we’ve used for over ninety years – We use FOR to
indicate the duration of an action or situation.
We have baked the best since 1898. - We use SINCE to when an action that is still in
progress began.
· PRESENT PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST?
We use the present perfect (have/has + past participle) to express the idea of
a repeated action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past.
“I’ve had these splitting headaches for the
past several weeks.”
Martin has called twice.
Martin called this morning.
When you don’t specify the time of the
action, use the present perfect.
When you specify the time of the action,
use the past tense.
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