quarta-feira, 24 de julho de 2013

INGLÊS - PARTE II

·      Making  affirmative, negative statements and asking questions (past continuous)
QUESTIONS
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
Was
I
was
was not / wasn't
eating lunch at noon yesterday.
Were
You
were
were not / weren't
Was
He        She          It
was
was not / wasn't
Were
We        You          They
were
were not / weren't

SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
I
myself
You
yourself
He    
himself
She
herself
It
itself
We
ourselves
You
yourselves
They
themselves
·      ASKING NEGATIVE QUESTIONS

Didn’t you see that truck?
Don’t you like oysters?

·      EXPRESSING REFLEXIVE ACTIONS

Donna is looking at her husband.
Donna is looking at herself.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          

·      SOMEONE OR SOMEBODY? = some person (is used in AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES)

There’s someone at the door.
There’s somebody at the door.

·      ANYONE OR ANYBODY? = any person (is used in NEGATIVE SENTENCES)

He didn’t give the tickets to anyone.
He didn’t give the tickets to anybody.

·      SOMEONE / SOMEBODY  OR  ANYONE / ANYBODY?

I can see someone/somebody in that room. (AFFIRMATIVE)
I can’t see anyone/anybody in that room. (NEGATIVE)

Interrogative sentences è (someone/somebody = anyone/anybody in interrogative sentences)

Are you saving these seats for someone/somebody?
Are you saving these seats for anyone/anybody?

Offers and requests

Would you like someone/somebody to help you with my bags ma’am? è OFFER
Would someone/somebody please help me with my bags? è REQUEST

someone/somebody è used in questions to make offers and requests. (Not anyone/anybody)

ANYONE / ANYBODY in affirmative sentences (refer to a single person, whoever it may be)

FRED: Can I take Sue to your party?
HAL: Sure. You can take anyone/anybody you want.

·      ANY  OR  NO? (verb in the negative form + ANY / verb in the affirmative form + NO)

There aren’t any seats available.
There are no seats available.
SUMMARY
Someone and somebody
Anyone and anybody
No one and nobody
Affirmative sentences
Negative sentences with verb in negative form
Negative sentences with verb in affirmative form
Interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentences
Offers and requests
Affirmative sentences to express the idea of a single person, whoever it may be

·      NO ONE  OR  NOBODY? =  NO PERSON

There is no one/nobody here to help you.

·      ANYONE / ANYBODY OR NO ONE / NOBODY?

There isn’t anyone/anybody here to help you.
There is no one/nobody here to help you.

·      MAY

Making  affirmative, negative statements and asking questions
I
may (not) be sick.
 You
He       
She
It
We      
You
They
AFFIRMATIVE
a)    Don’t add an s to may for he, she and it.
b)   The verb that comes after may does not take to.

NEGATIVE
c)    It does not take do, does or did in the negative form.
d)   We do not contract may and not.

They may let you in.
They may not let you in.
ASKING QUESTIONS

Do you think the storm may be here by tomorrow?
Do you think I may be doing it wrong?

INFINITIVE
PAST TENSE
PAST PARTICIPLE
VERBS
to pack
packed
packed
Regular
to close
closed
closed
Regular
to jackknife
jackknifed
jackknifed
Regular
to put
put
put
Irregular
to have
had
had
Irregular
to do
did
done
Irregular
to be
was/were
been
Irregular
Do you think…
Do you suppose…


PRESENT PERFECT

·      THE PAST PARTICIPLE

Regular verbs and Irregular verbs.

·      EXPRESSING IDEAS AND ACTIONS WHICH OCCURRED AT AN INDEFINITE TIME IN THE PAST (PRESENTE PERFECT)
Making affirmative sentences (present perfect)

I have packed… (the form the present perfect, we use the verb to have in the present and the past participle of the main verb)

I
have packed the insect repellent.
You
He
has traveled all over the States.
She
It
has overturned.
We
have closed the highway.
You
They
Contractions
I have
I've
packed
You have
You've
packed
He has
He's
packed
She has
She's
packed
It has
It's
packed
We have
We've
packed
You have
You've
packed
They Have
They've
packed

Making negative statements / contractions

One of the uses of the present perfect, that is,
have/has + past participle
is when we want to express something which happened in the past, without saying exactly when it happened.
In other words, when we use the present perfect, we think that what happened is more important than when it happened.
I have         packed the lantern. (AFFIRMATIVE)
I have not packed the lantern. (NEGATIVE)
I haven’t    packed the lantern. (NEGATIVE CONTRACT)

He has         closed the trunk. (AFFIRMATIVE)
He has not  closed the trunk. (NEGATIVE)
He hasn’t    closed the trunk. (NEGATIVE CONTRACT)

Asking questions

You have closed the trunk. è Have you closed the trunk?
It has overturned. è Has it overturned?

·      ALREADY or YET?
ALREADY is used in affirmative sentences.
YET is used in negative sentences.
We can use ALREADY or YET in questions.

AFFIRMATIVE
I’ve already filled out eleven job applications.
It’s only five o’clock, but it’s already dark outside.

NEGATIVE
We can use NOT YET for a short negative answer.
We usually use already after the verb to be.
We usually use ALREADY before other verbs.
When we use already in a sentence in the present perfect, it usually comes between have/has and other verb.
We usually use YET at the end of the sentence.
I haven’t had a single interview yet.
It’s nine o’clock, and it isn’t dark yet.

INTERROGATIVE
Has Ben already arrived?
Has Ben arrived yet?

·      USING NOT YET IN SHORT ANSWERS

Dialogue:
       MAN: Has Melinda arrived yet?
WOMAN: No, not yet.

·      POSITION OF ALREADY AND YET IN THE SENTENCE

It’s only five o’clock, and it’s already dark outside. (AFTER)
Joe is only twenty-three, and he already has four children. (BEFORE)
I’ve already filled out eleven job applications. (AFTER AND BEFORE)

It’s nine o’clock, and it isn’t dark yet.
Has Ben arrived yet?

SOMEWHERE OR ANYWHERE?

Sentences
SOMEWHERE
ANYWHERE
Example
Affirmative
X

Your ring is somewhere in that room.
Negative

X
Your ring isn't anywhere in that room.
Interrogative
X
X
Is there a phone somewhere/anywhere around here?
Offers
X

Would you like to go somewhere for dinner?
Request
X

Can I leave my bags somewhere in your office?
Affirmative - single places

X
You can park your car anywhere in the garage.
ANYWHERE OR NOWHERE
There isn't anywhere to put luggage.
è (verb in the negative form)
There is nowhere to put luggage.
è (verb in the affirmative form)

·      FOR OR SINCE?

Ingredients we’ve  used for over ninety years We use FOR to indicate the duration of an action or situation.

We have  baked the best since 1898. - We use SINCE to when an action that is still in progress began.

·      PRESENT PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST?

We use the present perfect (have/has + past participle) to express the idea of a repeated action that occurred at an indefinite time in the past.

“I’ve had these splitting headaches for the past several weeks.”

Martin has called twice.
Martin called this morning.

When you don’t specify the time of the action, use the present perfect.

When you specify the time of the action, use the past tense.